>> Dr. Lanham: Well, good morning and good Monday morning to all of you and thank you for coming this morning as we continue our series on studying the Ancient Civilization of Greece. There are only two more days of opportunities for you to be here and elsewhere. Check your program, there are more, in fact there is one more presentation immediately following this session that is a reschedule from last week. We have a great program featuring Dr. Young here, and we are anxiously awaiting that, but I am going to ask Dr. Wahby to introduce him. >> Dr. Wahby: Thank you all for coming to this session in the last week of our futuristic look through ancient lenses. This year we are looking at through ancient Greece, last year we looked at, or through ancient Egypt and already people are asking me about what next year. We are contemplating is it Rome, is it Babylonian, it is what, I don't know yet, but I think I'll keep it a secret. Today we are in for a treat. Our speaker Dr. Hadrian, sorry not Hadrian you confused me, Dr. Bailey Young; he is young and growing younger by the day. Fifteen years ago when I came here, for my first year at Eastern, I thought I'd be here one year and I'd leave, and it seems I've stuck here and they love me and I love them, and it's a wonderful place to be. Bailey was one of the first people I met on Campus, and he has a welcoming spirit. It was so important to me at that time, when I didn't know almost anybody, but it was one of the first that I met. We had some common things regarding digging and playing in the sand, the clay, and finding old things, ancient things. He expressed that to me, knowing that I come from Egypt, and we talked about at that time, going digging in Egypt, but I think that didn't happen yet. Well, to introduce him really well, I couldn't find a better person than his chair, and his chair is comfortable. Please, Anita Shelton... >> Dr. Anita Shelton: Well, it's my pleasure to introduce my good friend and colleague, Bailey Young. I can say that in the history department, which is known around campus for its quality in both teaching and scholarships. I think of the faculty as scholar teachers. Dr. Young is truly distinguished and has been acknowledged as such by last year's name of him, selection of him, as EIU's Distinguished Faculty, for the year. Everything that has accumulated over his lifetime and career to earn him that, I can't possible cover it today, but I give you our distinguished faculty person, Dr. Bailey Young. >> Dr. Young: Not yet extinguished... Alright I had some...I am going to apologize because, let's see, I had problems with getting my computer infected when I was doing the PowerPoint on Saturday, and where did we go there? That's not where we want to be, that's where we want to be. >> Dr. Wahby: I will take your microphone, because this one would work. >> Dr. Young: This one works fine. I don't need to hold the microphone. Anyway, so I wasn't able to complete the PowerPoint and they just managed to clean my computer this morning, and I was able to add a couple of slides very quickly, so I'll fumble around a bit perhaps. We have here perhaps, we should put the lights down a bit, you can see better; the ever victorious, it is August of AD 117 and it's a very hot day. We are in what is now Iraq. The ever-victorious Trajan, the fifteenth emperor of Rome lay dying. Only the year before, he had stood triumphantly yet the head of the Persian Gulf, oops, there we go, and that is what we want. Here, you all know where the Persian Gulf is... The first Roman general ever to humble the Parthian enemy by driving him from his own capitol. As he looked out over the waters to the east, he was thinking of the great Alexander, his role model, the king of the Macedonians and the Stratego. Of all the Greeks who four centuries earlier had destroyed Persia's empire, in these same lands, and pushed on east, towards the end of the world, or as far as the fabulous India. If only he could follow in 15 years, Trajan had emulated Alexander by his policy of expanding frontiers by bold military aggression. The rich and powerful Dacian kingdom, North of the Danube, had fallen before his attacks, winning him triumphal honors, whose stone and bronze monuments we may still admire today, in Rome and elsewhere. Now Persia's heir Parthia, which had so often in the past-threatened Rome's interests in the Greek speaking eastern Provinces. Parthia had even defeated Roman armies and ultimate shame carried off Roman standards and eagles, now Parthia's own corps provinces of Mesopotamia, were about to become Rome's eastern frontier. For 15 years, Trajan, the outsider, would thrust his way into the elite circles of Italy from a colonial family and distance Spain. The first non-Italian ever to be raised to the Purple; Trajan had survived the old tradition of military glory and pushed Rome's frontiers farther than ever before or ever again. In May, 116 in mighty Babylon, where Alexander had died, Trajan offered sacrifice to the shade of the world conqueror, officially a god. Word came of the senate decree, bestowing on him the title, Parthecus, in advance of the triumph that would await his return. The historian is entitled to wonder however, did the victorious general realize even then at that moment of boasting his glory and dispatches to the senate? Did he realize how fragile was his achievement as he felt his own growing weakness and began to withdraw westwards? Did the sound administrator not understand how thinly stretched were his troops, how vulnerable to counter attack his over extended resources, for bad news was reaching the emperor? A serious revolt had broken out among the Jews in Palestine, the recently subdued barbarians in Dacia, abetted by the dangerous Scythians and throned the new Danubian province into turmoil. Trajan ordered one of his most trusted Lieutenants the governor of Syria, the core province of the roman east to deal with Dacia, and to replace him in the key post in Antioch, he named the young cousin with whom he had over the years and off and on relationship. Publius, alias, Padrianus, our Padrian, this move was a clue that cheered Padrian's friends and alarmed his foes, a clue that at long last the childless emperor would follow old roman precedence and adopt his cousin as his heir. Unless he died first... The events of early August, 117 offer conspiracy fans then and now, a matter for a field day. Trajan seems to have thought he was being slowly poisoned at least that rumor was recorded later by dioceses, the great Greek historian who was also a senator. The imperial party got as far as the city of Salinas, in Cappadocia, the essential care-givers to the ailing emperor, where the Noble empress Plotina, and Trajan’s Neth Matedia, both women were firm supporters of Hadrian who was married to Matidia's Daughter Sabina. On August 9, messengers arrived in Antioch bearing official letters confirming to Hadrian that Trajan had formally adopted him. He was now Caesar, the title of the presumptive emperor while awaiting endorsements from the senate. Trajan was probably already dead at that moment, for on August 11, official news of the deceased reached the Syrian capital and the legions at once acclaimed their commander Emporador. Hadrian moved quickly and decisively. Within days, perhaps hours, of this notice, he issued orders that the new provinces east of the Euphrates Macedonia, Cappadocia, well, not all of Cappadocia, Armenia, anyway, Greater Armenia, were to be evacuated. He set off to meet the imperial ladies with the Trajan’s ashes, put them on a ship to Rome, no doubt with a private message for the all-powerful Pretorian Prefect, Antonius, on whom he knew he could count. Hadrian knew too, that he had very dangerous enemies. High-ranking senators, and key players in the aggressive policies of Trajan, men we would call hawks today. Who would be outraged by the changes he was planning, we could call Hadrian a dove. They would stop at nothing to stop him. One of them commanded the forces putting down the Jewish revolt, Lucius Quietus, a moreish prince, as well as a Roman General; he had his own guard of devoted tribesmen. Quietus was quickly stripped of his command, and of his guard, and ordered back to Italy. Moving through Asia Minor, to see for himself what had to be done to save the situation at Dacia, Trajan met with Avidius Nigrinus among the noblest of Romans and most trusted of Hadrian's commanders. The story told in a later source has it that Hadrian narrowly escaped death in an ambush that Nigrinus set for him during an animal hunt. Whatever really happened, Hadrian's enemies will talk, and say it was all a frame up. Nigrinus was sent home to Italy where he too, where he and Lucius Quietus, and two other high-ranking ex-consular figures were soon condemned for treason by the senate and executed. It is clear that the senate acted only under extreme pressure from the Praetorian prefect Antinous, the man with all the military muscle in Rome. Hadrian was still far away taking decision measures in Dacia. Here too he abandoned some, though not all of Trajan's conquests, made peace with the most dangerous Scythian King, changing this enemy into a Roman citizen and ally. When he finally reached Rome on the 9th of July, 118, almost a year after Trajan's death, he sought to soothe the senators outraged by the executions. Antinous had overreached he said in a speech that amounts to an apology. He, Antonius dismissed nothing like this will happen again. Were they mollified, these famously conservative of old romans by this young provincial upstart, Hadrian was 42, whom many had dismissed for years as that little Greekling, Greculous. Look at him he wears a beard... Perhaps they weren't, but for all his polite deference to the senate, it was clear where the power lay. The point was soon made by a new coin that depicted the old emperor, now officially a god, clean shaven in the good old Roman tradition, shaking hands with his adopted heir and successor, the bearded Greekling. Hadrian firmly denied that he intended to make important changes. Unlike modern Americans the ancient romans hated the idea of change, but the beard was the fashion clue that he did indeed have a new agenda for the empire, albeit. One grounded in a very old, complex, and ambiguous relationship, romans and Greeks, Greeks and romans. Let's take a closer look at the background of that relationship. Cats and dogs, cowboys and Indians, artists and engineers, liberals and conservatives, professors and business execs, do we dare suggest on this day in the month of November, democrats and republicans. How strongly are we drawn to these clearly etched antimonies? In Hadrian’s days, Greeks and Romans was a cultural polarity whose common stereotypes everyone instantly recognized. Cato the elder a prominent Roman politician, back in the days of the republic, with a reputation for crusty mind speaking... The vehement cons Pender of conservative values of the forefathers, Cato broadcast this highly negative stereotype. Concerning those Greeks, Marcus my son, let me tell you what I learned by my own experience in Athens, it's ok to glance at their famous culture, but don't go overboard and get hooked. Take my word for it; the Greeks are the most iniquitous, most untrustworthy tricky bunch. The day we buy into all their stuff is the day we decline to degenerates likes them. This will happen all the sooner if we let their doctors have a go at us. Those doctors, its all a conspiracy to murder foreigners with their so-called medicine. They win our confidence, take our money, and kill us to boot. Cato wrote in the days when Romans having defeated their dangerous Carthaginian enemy, were in the Punic wars were rapidly expanding into a world empire and starting to rule over the Greeks. When they captured the Greek, rich Greek city of Syracuse, there on Sicily in 202 BC, a Roman soldier came upon Archimedes, the great scientists and engineer drawing some figures in the sand with a stick. Figuring that he must be up to some tricky mumbo-jumbo, he killed him on the spot. A few years later, however, a federation of Greek city-states fighting for independence from their powerful Northern neighbor Macedon. Remember Alexander? Alexander is history now, but Macedon is still trying to rule Greece. These Greeks called on the Romans for help, having their own bone to pick with Macedon, which had aided their enemy Carthage, the Romans were happy to oblige, and bingo, Macedon is soon the first Roman colony in the eastern Mediterranean, otherwise known as the Hellenistic world. Are the Greeks grateful? Those tricky bastards... Just because the Romans are now demanding tribute payments for their help, and Italian merchants are all over the place, muscling into the business of the Greeks, these treacherous bastards riot and even murder Romans. We'll teach them a lesson, so in 143 BC, a roman army spends 3 days sacking Corinth, the riches city in Greece, with every soldier entitled to his share of treasures, including the people who weren't killed. Many shipped to Italy as slaves, a couple of generations later, it is the turn of Athens to face the sharp point of the famous Roman sword. By this time, the romans had taken over all of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Hellenistic king Mithridates in Asia Minor was making a last ditch defense and the Roman General Sulla was on his way to deal with him, pausing before the ancient famous city of Socrates and Plato accused of complicity. The Athenians sent out their best orators to plead, hoping that Sulla will spare the city; which had once stood up to mighty Persia in defense of freedom. The Roman general sneers. I am not here to take a history lesson; I am here to teach treacherous rebels a lesson. Rome rules. That's the Roman Hardline, but at the very same time that Cato was brandishing the negative stereotype, another leading roman noble Scipio Aemilianus was promoting a very different view. Scipio was not naive about power his grandfather was the one who had beaten Hannibal and won the first major roman overseas colonies. Including the one in Spain where Hadrian's ancestors settled. Scipio realized that it would take a lot more than military power and pride in the old-fashioned bootstrap virtues of the ancestor to rule a complex multinational world. He realized it was the Greeks who had developed the intellectual and cultural skills for the job. By no means, all the Greeks in Rome came there as slaves, besides the Doctors that Cato mentions, there were teachers of all kinds flocking there to sell their expertise. Elite pro-roman families would sell their sons to develop positive relationships with the new leaders. Today we call this networking. Scipio developed a friendship with one of the brightest of these, Polybius who turned his access into the highest Roman circles into a book that has remained the fundamental classic of political science from that day to this. Polybius analyzed the roman system of government both to understand how this Italian city-state had become so...had come so far so fast, and to predict what would happened next. He correctly identified the strengths of its systems of checks and balances and in the roman loyalty to the state in the face of attack. He predicted correctly in the long run, that Rome would go on to conquer and unite the entire Mediterranean world. Polybius did not foresee, it is true, that the unbridled greed and the unscrupulous determination of a handful of elite families, the Roman 1% or half of 1%, to keep all the wealth and power in their hands, would lead to bloody civil war. These same elite families hired Greek teachers, Greek architects, and artists who consulted with Greek doctors ignoring Cato. Astrologers imported Greek wines and other luxury products like silk, spices, fine glassware, brought from the east by merchants, speaking Greek, even when they themselves were Egyptian or Syrian, and Arab or whatever. Ever since Alexander's conquest Greek had become so much the universal language of culture and business, that the very first roman to try his hand at writing roman history, wrote it in Greek. Let us quote here one of the leading scholars of Greek and Roman culture in the world today, Professor Greg Wolfe of St. Andrews university in Scotland, the editor of this book, which I highly recommend to you. There was no Rome before Greece. Objects of Greek manufacture have been found in the earliest levels of the city of Rome, to be explored archeologically. It could fairly be said that the world into which the Romans first appeared, through which they spread, and over which they finally achieved dominion, was always a Greek world. Yet the relationship between the Romans and the Greeks did change over time, until each identity had been remodeled largely in relation to the other. The better to appreciate Hadrian's key role in this remodeling, we need to take a closer look at how the stereotypes played out in the tensions of the crucial moment of Rome's political and cultural reinvention, the transition from the republic to the empire. In contrast to the brutal Sulla, whose idea of restoring order when he got control of Rome, was to post a hit list of enemies, their statesmen March Julius Cicero, was determined to build the basis of civil society by translating the highest Greek ideals into Latin. Though ready to use swift and ruthless force to save the state when threatened by a conspiracy, his long-term goal was to draw on Greek philosophy, notably the ethics, to moralize roman and personal and political behavior. Though he himself perished for offending one of the warlords in the late round of the civil war, his ideas phrased in a lucid and elegant Latin quickly recognized as the quintessence of classical took deep root. Other authors of this time, were also challenging the old intellectual monopoly of Greek, by composing Latin works of such high literary quality, especially in history and poetry, that this time has ever since been regarded as a golden age. Like cicero, these writers were both keenly aware of their depth to Greece, many of them had been there to study as young men and proud of their ability to craft a new literature in their own language to rival it. Julius Caesar was not only a great general and statesman, he wrote a military history of his own wars of conquest that incorporated perspectives taken from Greek Ethnographers. The great poet of good living in the countryside, Horace, acknowledge Rome's debt to Greece with ironic grace in his famous phrase, "Captive Greece Conquered her Savage victor, and I thank lee Patterson for providing this text. We would say, the Greeks conquered the hearts and minds, but surely Horace implies that Latin poets can now take things to the next level. The greatest of these poets were Virgil who modeled his epic poem. The [unclear dialogue] Homer's Odyssey, going back to the same old story of the Trojan War that's the Greek Bards, in order to want in the purest Latin verse ever written that Rome's high destiny. The Trojan prince Anises, escaping massacre by the Greeks of the fall of Troy, arriving in Italy, here's a prophecy that from the family line he will found one day a great leader will come to bring to the world an age of gold. This of course was Caesar Augustus who had now won the civil wars, was creating the Roman Empire. Augustus was a patron of Virgil; this painting imagines Virgil reading from the Ennead to Augustus and his family. Not a Roman painting, but never mind. Augustus, here the poet reading to his patron, these lines which aptly sum up what I shall call the balanced roman view of the relationship of Greece to Rome as BC's switches to AD. Here are the lines... Others will cast more tenderly in bronze, their breathing figures... I can well believe and bring more life-like portraits out of marble, argue more eloquently, use the pointer to trace the paths of heaven accurately, and accurately foretell the rising stars ok the Greeks their great artists and scientists... Roman remember your strength to rule earth's peoples, for your arts are to be these to pacify to impose the rule of law, to spare the conquered and the crush the proud. Wonderful words, high ideals, Augustus saw to embody this vision, in a policy called Pax Romana. Shielded from danger by Rome's mighty legions, the civilized world would enjoy the fruits of peace, the golden age, predicted by the Ennead, proclaimed by Horace. Only in reality a bit over a century later, when Hadrian assumed power, was this working out? As Hadrian knew, there had been some pretty close shaves since Augustus, rebellions, conspiracies, mutinies, senators accused of treason and executed, emperors paranoid crazy, despotic and/or depraved. Look at Nero; let's see if we can find Nero here, there he is. Wasn't enough that he fiddled playing the Lyre actually, while Rome burned, acting like a Greek, he though himself an artist. He actually went to Greece, for the Olympic games, first emperor ever to go there, qua emperor. It wasn't even the Olympic year, but so what? I'm here, so it's the year. I am so Greek, I am a tip-top athlete, watch me compete, I can't be beat. He won all the first prizes. To sober Romans, this was like Cato's worst nightmare coming true; so degenerate. Old fashioned Roman virtue corrupted by Greek wiles. The senate is cowed and gutless. The senators with guts got them spilled. The legions take things into their own hands, but they don't all agree. Nero kills himself and now the generals are fighting for the purple. Four Emperors in one year alone, AD 69 fortunately the winner; Aspasia is competent, has the right values, and restores military discipline. Down to earth, sense of humor too... Thinks up a special tax on peeing in the public toilet, you pay it with this, a bronze penny. His son, an heir objects, dad, people won't like this tax, but Aspasia thrusts the penny under his nose. Does it stink? Thus, Spacian and Trajan, clean-shaven generals have a policy we might call back to Roman basics. Conquering and ruling especially with lots of crushing the crowd, that's what real Romans do, that's our mission. Trajan particularly as we have seen, wholly embraced the vision. Expand the borders, whack the Dacians, and Parthians, grow the empire, grow, grow, grow, but hey, whatever happened to the Pax Romana? Now we are back in the summer of AD 117. We can picture the hawks like Lucius Quietus with his personal guards of Morris tribesman, sneering Rome is about projecting power, peace is for bearded wimps, now we are in the summer of 118, Lucius and his chums have apparently played their cards, lost, paid the price. That price has outraged many in the Senate who think pretty much like them. Hadrian has made it to Rome, alive, the Senate has done what has to be done, confirming him in the imperial power, but many people aren't happy about it, so what happens next? Well, what happens next is Hadrian changes the course of the Roman ship of state, and pleases his own personal tastes as well. Now, Hadrian reigned 20 years, 118 to 138 AD, historians always emphasizes two aspects of those years. His astonishing record of travel, there's the clean-shaven guys, lets just go on here, and okay we see the whole empire, and his resolute promotion of Greek cultural values and a talented Greeks as well. In the time we have left, I will attempt to show you that these were both features of a bold and creative political vision, and I will shall introduce you briefly to the person who aroused my interest in Hadrian, not a professional historian, but a historical novelist. Let's start with a little family background. Like his cousin Trajan, Hadrian was born in AD 76 during the reign of Aspacian in a little town in southern Spain, probably; maybe he was actually born in Rome. His father's hometown Italica was a colony for Italian veterans of the Punic wars. His mother came from the much older city of Cades, Cadiz today, which goes back to even pre-Carthaginian times, much older than Rome, itself. It would be a mistake to see Hadrian as a rustic Spaniard comes to Rome to escape his roots and make good like West Texas politicians say Lyndon Johnson, striving to make it in DC or New York City. Given his father's mobile and upwardly mobile career, he may have only visited Italica only once or twice briefly in his life, as a kid. His whole life, he was a cosmopolitan world traveler. It's likely indeed, that in his early childhood, he spent time in one of the quintessential centers of Greek culture. Ephesus, because he father had a top job there and early influences as we know, can be very decisive. By the time he comes into focus for us and the sources, he is a young roman who has put on the toga of Urilis, living with relatives in Rome, his parents have now died, studying and preparing for the first steps into the official career, the courses are norm. It is important to stress that from the beginning the path was military rather than civil. In the 1990's he served at military tribune successively in three legions on the active and dangerous Danubian frontier, and the Rhine. Those a staff officer in theory second in command, he was expected to learn the ropes from the experienced centurions, and those battle hardened soldiers. He developed the ability to mix easily with common soldiers, often sharing their hardships and their rations. Even hostile sources grant that he was most skilled at weapons and most adept at military science. War and security on the frontiers experienced along with the grunts, and the non-cons this was the first area of expertise on his CV. Dramatic Regime change in Rome gave him unprecedented career boost. In AD 96 the emperor Domitian, hated with good reason by the elites, was murdered and replaced by the aging senator Nerva. Would the armies accept or as in 69, rebel? Soon it was announced that Nerva had adopted as his heir, the popular General Trajan, Hadrian cousin, and now his commander in Germany as well. The armies were happy now, especially as Trajan paid them a big bonus, and begun preparing his aggressive war again Ascea. While this was happening, Hadrian was given an important administrative post in Rome, Kestor, to build the civilian side of his CV. What's more, he married in 100, the emperors Nerva had now died, and Trasian was now her niece or great-niece, Sabina. There she is on that coin... There is no doubt that the Asians of this match were the bride's mother, Matidia and Trajan's very influential wife Plotena. These ladies were to play a crucial role, as we've seen already in engineering Hadrian’s succession. The Marriage however, proved to be loveless. We will see that the mature Hadrian found love elsewhere. Hadrian was given command of a legion in the Dacian war, winning military distinction. He became governor of the new province carved from the conquered territory, which gave him the opportunity to hand out jobs and build up his personal network. His nomination as Junior Counselor of Rome, following in 108 was a mark of distinction, but it was mostly an honor not real work. Lavish dinner parties and nasty gossip bored him. Biographer Anthony Birley that's his book over there suggests that when his term of office was up, the thirty-something seized the moment to go visit Greece. Or perhaps invited by another of the Junioral counsels, one of the richest men in the Hellenistic world, who had a big house, in Athens. His nickname was King Philopappas because his ancestors had been kings in Greek Asia before the romans took over. What is certain is that he and Hadrian developed a long-term friendship, and that by 112 the young roman had developed a life-long love for Athens and the cultural ideals that it embodied. Let’s try to imagine him now, mounting the acropolis, to visit the Parthenon, as yet undamaged. Only about 500 years old then... We know that he made many good friends and elite Athenian society, for he was offered and he accepted Athenian citizenship, and in 112 AD was appointed Akon, city magistrate, a title harking back to the glorious days of the past. Anthony Birley thinks that at this time, Hadrian went to visit Epitatus, one of the greatest of the Stoic philosophers who lived in a nearby city. The time was right at last for the meeting of the minds between the Roman man of action and the Greek intellectuals. From this time on, his contacts with them would only develop and deepen. Perhaps, he had already acquired his Greek private secretary, Fleganon, who will serve him all his live, and pass on stories after his death. Hadrian the philhellene, as his reputation is now set. While we seen how swiftly the new ruler moved to get the roman troops out of Mesopotamia, why did I almost say Iraq? Soon he was dealing with the mess Trajan's glory hunting had left behind in Dacia. Why am I tempted to say Afghanistan? Through a shrewd combination of military strength and diplomacy, these early episodes establish the pattern of his reign, suggests that he already had the outlines of an overall vision, for the whole of the Roman world. Let me suggest a short hand slogan for this policy. Enough growth, let's make it safer and better. It's hard for us to understand today how much political courage and resolve it took in AD 120 to change the emphasis from war, glorious war, to Pax Romana. How well the young Emperor understood the dangers is shown by his decisive early measures his putting to death the four officials and his emphasizing continuity with Trajan, now a god. There’s a fine balance of threat and promise in the message for many senators who shared the hostility of the dead four towards the Greekling. Don’t cross the line and we'll get along fine. Then he set off on a tour of the empire traveling more extensively and systematically than any emperor before or after him. Anthony Birley points out that he spent a good half of his 21-year reign outside of Italy; his presence is attested in almost all of the 30 odd provinces of the empire. By contrast, his successor never once left Italy, in a reign of the same length, so what was he doing on all of these travels? His bold new policy was to consolidate the long frontiers of the empire, to make it safer and we'll illustrate this with just one example. The AD went all the way up to the northern part of England, the northern parts of the Isle called Britannia had never settled down in the 70 years since the romans had come. There were often rebellions, often provoked by the brutal and greedy actions of local roman officials, and raids south by the tough tattooed warriors called pictky. Hadrian went himself to this remote region, made this decision that a realistic solution would be a stout wall across the narrowest part from the time to the soul way, and work began at once. Excavations at house steads, one of the forts have turned up actual documents from this period giving precise details on such matters as food rations, and discipline, a theme also stressed on Hadrian’s coinage. While we won't follow him in the rest of this travels because we need to get him back to the east and finish things up. Hadrian was in no sense an anti-military figure uncomfortable with or suspicious of military men. Indeed, as we've seen the entire success of his vision of an empire refocused from habitual regression to an emphasis on Pax Romana depended on his strengths as a military commander profoundly in touch with his soldiers. Especially the career men, the grunts and the hard-bitten centurions, who were the guarantee of discipline. In this he was the worth successor of the popular general emperor's Trajan Vespasian who had saved what was worth saving. In Hadrian's vision of empire, it was worth saving because it preserved and enhanced what we call today civil society. At the heart of that is the rich cultural heritage crafted over the centuries by the Greeks. We'll conclude today with a glimpse of the emperor in relation to Athens to ancient Egypt. The ancient, the seedbeds of culture, and finally in Rome, for most of the 120's Hadrian was in the Hellenistic East. He visited the great historical places, Sparta, Corinth, now rebuilt after it's long ago punishment, and flourishing again. He added here in aqua duct, there a bath, Olympia, where he did not order the games to be held out of sequence or insist on getting the first prizes, but his favorite place was Athens. He had been honored as its Archon, even before he was emperor. Early in his reign, he and Platina, had cooperated to revive and endow a famous school of philosophy. On this visit he had himself initiated into the ancient mysteries of the Lucius, sacred to all Greeks. Under the particular care of the Athenians, throughout his reign, Hadrian spent lavishly to revive and enhance the traditions created centuries before Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the stoic and epicurean philosophers. Pericles, the ancient leader had proclaimed Athens the school of Hellos, Hadrian was determined to make Hellos the School and Athens at it's center, the School of the whole Greco-Roman world, which we can now talk about in those terms. His flagship project was to complete a colossal temple, to Olympian Zeus, that had been started 700 years earlier by the Athenian leader Pisistratus. What remains today is still impressive and thanks to our own professor, Patterson, we have a photo, which I may have time to show you. This was to serve as the center of the Pan Helenian a new cultural association that Hadrian godfathered to bring together under Athens leadership. All the Greeks scattered throughout the empire. Clearly it was his intentions that the Greeks with all the talent for art and science could become full partners with what is now fair to call the Greco-Roman world civilization. Hadrian also implemented this resolve by encouraging elite Greeks to embrace empirical careers and promoting them to high positions that could lead all the way to membership in the senate itself. One example must suffice... Hadrian became friends with Arian, from a distinguished Greek family in Nicomedia, with whom he shared interests, both intellectual literature and philosophy, and sporting; both men loved to hunt. That's the philosopher Epictetus who is the master of Arian, and Hadrian also admired. These are pictures of Greek philosophers, mosaics from the time. Arian served in the Roman military under Trajan and Hadrian promoted him pro-consul in Spain. General Consul in Rome, and governor of the Key and very dangerous province of Cappadocia. Both men were writers as well. Hadrian wrote an autobiography, he unfortunately lost. We'll see a poem that hasn't at the end, but several of Arian's writings survived. He wrote a life of Alexander the Great, which is one of our principle sources. Hadrian actively promoted the integration of highly educated Greek aristocrats into the governing elite of the empire to the dismay of crusty Roman traditionalists in the senate. From his day on, there would be more and more of these imperial Greeks. The empire as a whole benefited greatly from the diversity and high intellectual level of this expanded elite. No wonder that the great historian Edward Gibbon credits Hadrian as one of the greatest emperors of the golden age. Now in his private life too, Hadrian embraced the Greek sexual tradition. Or one of them and that's when we come finally here to his boyfriend. In this tradition, mature men Aristos enjoy a special relationship with a beautiful youth, Eromenos. Antinos was a country lad from Bithynia, in his mid-teens when he caught the emperor's eye. It's a fair guess that he traveled with the empirical entourage over the next years. No doubt as the novelist Marguerite Yoursen imagines becoming initiated into the Aleutian mysteries along side his lover. His fame, however, comes from the mysterious and dramatic circumstances of his death. In AD 130, during an empirical tour of Egypt, the 20-year-old lad drowned in the Nile. Accident? Suicide? Self-Sacrifice connected with magical rites? Egypt is famous for that Murder? From that day to this, the subject has been much discussed and we shall never know for sure. What we do know is that Hadrian's grief was expressed on an epic and grandiose scale. The city a new city was to be founded on the spot where the boy died, named Antonopoulos, and he was to be worshipped there as a god and elsewhere. Thus, the many fine sculptures that we have today of this adolescent good looks derived from this moment. Now this sculptural tradition shall be our cue to follow Hadrian at last home to Rome, where weary of travel, he pretty much settled down in his last years. There's a whole book devoted to his building in Rome, it's right here if you want to look at it, but I'm not going to talk about it. Let's just talk, I should mention the Pantheon; originally built at the time of Augustus and rebuilt with this extraordinary dome, which I think dearly says is the greatest freestanding dome in the world, from then until the 20th century. Which has inspired many architects and artists, ever since. Pantheon is to all the gods, not just one god; it's a symbol of Hadrian's cosmopolitan devotion. He built Antipole 20 miles from Rome, when the Sabine hill, a complex more than a square kilometer with over 30 buildings, now a world heritage site where he himself seem to have designed his own buildings. You see here examples of the famous maritime temple where he had created a water space and built a simple house with an elegant dining room, and library, symbolizing his tastes, from an epicurean taste enjoying friendship, reading, and so forth. The Konnopis pool, which you see here, was inspired by the Syrapian most famous temple complex of Egypt, blending Greek with native traditions. John Julius Norwich the architecture historian calls this a delightful blend of sculpture, architecture, and waterworks. Not only did the much-traveled emperor incorporate architectural forms and decoration, he filled his villa with the finest works of Greek art. Some of them originals from classical times, some copies made by artists of his own day… This proved to be an invaluable investment that bore fruit many centuries after Hadrian’s death. One day in 1924, a young French woman about the age of Antoninas when he died, discovered these gardens and fell in love with the mind of the man who had conceived it and the age, which gave scope to develop it. "An age" she later wrote, "when men could think and express themselves in full freedom." Thus began a literary project that matured over 30 years. She studied the sources, steeped herself in classical culture, until she felt she could speak with her protagonist own voice, to reimagine his lost autobiography. The memoirs of Hadrian, published in 1954, proved that historical fiction then regarded by most critics as a dubious and minor genre, could be rise to the ranks of serious literature. Marguerite Yourcenar’s achievement was fully recognized when in 1980 she became the first woman ever to be elected to the French Academy. Is it an irony that by this time she had become an American, living on an island off the coast of Maine? Hadrian the great cosmopolitan would have surely relished the irony, if irony it is. Let us now, ourselves, attempt a futuristic act of literary imagination. An imitation of Virgil, sending his hero Aneiaus into the underworld to query the shades of the departed about the times to come... We come upon the shade of Hadrian. Behold our multicultural nation. We say unto him, Our America, like your Greco Rome, once a far-flung empire wielding fearful power and a stirring ideal of human freedom and creativity, what destiny do you see for us? What consul for these times, more trying perhaps even than your own? Will tomorrow's election usher in another reign of gold? Unlike Marguerite Yourcenar, I shall not attempt to channel the long departed [unclear dialogue] ruler. I will leave you with his last words to him. Not long before he died, Hadrian wrote a short poem, 19 words, address to his own soul, [Unclear dialogue] Little soul, Little Wanderer, Little Charmer, Body's guest and companion, to what places will you set out now? To darkling, cold and gloomy places, where you won't make your usual jokes... [applause] Dr. Wahby: Very good... We have 2 minutes to noontime, and a couple of questions if you like, or comments. Any comments or questions? I have one quick on for you if I may. Can we be comfortable in saying, as you tried to tell us, that Hadrian is credited for keeping the Greek tradition alive? >> Dr. Young: I would put it even more strongly than that. Hadrian refocuses the Greek tradition. That's one of the reasons so much good Greek stuff has come down to us today. Now some of my colleagues here might think that that's putting it too strongly. But yes, definitely... >> Dr. Wahby: When you say Greek-Roman, and we say it Judo-Christian, is there any [unclear dialogue] in there, or no? Two things two streams coming together and making one thing? >> Dr. Young. Well, there's always a complex thing and it's never a simple thing. It's always a lot of overlap and ambiguity. For example, in Judeo-Christian, some people have remarked that Jesus was a Jew. Later, after Hadrian the Greeks became particularly enthusiastic about Christianity, and that changed the nature of Hellenism, but that is another completely different topic. Yes, I think we have to have a sense of nuance, when we use these terms. It would also be wrong to say that Hadrian was I called him a dove at one point, as opposed to a hawk. Well, that's an analogy. It's debatable, but that's why I emphasize how strong his military credentials were. He was a strong military man, who also strongly believed in peace and civilization. >> Dr. Wahby: His contemporaries would look at him as a backward looking guy who looked to the defeat of culture we are romans now, we conquered them, literally, is he backwards, is he traitor to the new regime, or well, order? >> Dr. Young: What would you say Lee? He's is the classical historian here. >> Dr. Lee Patterson: Yes, very, very briefly, I would say that considering his predecessor, Trajan was named by the senate optimist [unclear dialogue] the best emperor, basically because of his conquests, and then Hadrian comes along. I don't know if I would say that he was a dove, but I would say that he had a very acute strategic sense, and so he understood that Mesopotamia, and Armenia were over extending the roman empire, and so that's what informed his strategic decisions. Arguably Dacia too, but he retained Dacia because they had a lot of gold up there. That did not sit well with a lot of Romans, who wanted to keep going out further and further and deal with those Parthenians who had been a thorn in our side for a hundred and fifty years. In General, yeah, it did sort of go against the grain to withdraw and this was not something that was done, had not been done very much. It just, once or twice before, so not much of precedence for it, but it made very strategic sense. In retrospect, that was recognized, but at the time, it was problematic for many locals. >> Dr. Young: When he died, some people in the Senate tried to get his memory condemned. They never forgave him for being the kind of guy that he was. The only reason it didn't happen was because his successor was powerful enough to make him a god instead. >> Dr. Wahby: So that was a political thing. Politics? >> Dr. Young: Yes, very political. Trajan was a very popular emperor, with everybody, Hadrian was unpopular with a lot of people, although not with everybody, but a lot of what we would call establishment people. He only survived because he was tough and there was a conspiracy against him when he was just a year or two before he died, and he had to put to death his own brother-in-law. Well he had to he did anyway... >> Dr. Wahby: Ok, very well. One quick question... Latin and Greek languages. How did they survive together? Well, they precisely survived because Hadrian...not only because of Hadrian, as I tried to show the tradition of appropriating Greek culture to Rome is something that goes way back. Hadrian certainly encouraged this, so that in his time, you weren't considered educated unless you fully possessed the Greek and the Latin heritage and when that was lost, we come to the Middle Ages. It's not longer the ancient world, and that's another story. >> Dr. Wahby: Another story, another day, another session. Thank you very much for coming, and we have a certificate of appreciation for our distinguished speaker. He just came from Europe? >> Dr. Young: Yes, I was on my travels, thank you Alan. >> Dr. Wahby: Thank you very much. >> Dr. Young: Always a pleasure...